The high speed networks dominates both LAN(local area network) and WAN(Wide Area Networks) markets because of the increased use of multimedia applications and the world wide web.

Basically high speed refers to the rate at which the data in terms of bits, in a network is transfered ie. Bandwidth x latency.

CIRCUIT SWITCHING- it establishes a direct physical connection between the two devices such as phones and computers and creates a temporary connection.

PACKET SWITCHING- Data are transmitted in discrete units called packets.It is of two types namely Datagram approach (takes any path)  and Virtual Circuit Approach(takes a fixed path).

ITU-T  developed the first commercial packet switching named X.25

FUNCTIONALITY OF X.25-

• Physical level(physical connection or wired)
• Link level(Data transfer across physical level as sequence of frames)
• Packet level(logical connection or virtual or imaginary connection)

KEY FEATURES OF X.25-

• Call control packets which are used for setting up and clearing virtual circuits are carried on the same channel
• Multiplexing of virtual circuits at layer 2
• Both layer 2 and 3 include Flow control and error control mechanism

DISADVANTAGES OF X.25-

• Over head occurs in X.25 ie the addition of an extra header in the frame.At each hop through the network the Data level control protocol involves the exchange of the Data Frame and acknowledgement frame.At each immediate node,state tables must be maintained for each virtual circuits to deal with call management
• Due to this disadvantage we make use of the Frame Relay which is faster than this

NEIGHBOUR-Each pixel is surrounded by 4 other pixels… Compare it with a point at the centre of a square having 4 other corner points

DIAGONAL NEIGHBOUR-They are the diagonal pixels to the pixel under consideration

ADJACENCY- It is of two types namely 4-adjacency and 8-adjacency
2 pixels are said to be of 4 adjacency type if they are neighbours
2pixels are said to be of an 8 adjacency type if they are both neighbours and also diagonal neighbours..

REGION- R is a group of pixels in an image and it is called as a region if each pixel in R is connected with every other pixel in the R

BOUNDARY OF REGION- It is the region that connects with another pixel that does not belong to the region,R

A digital image processing basically occurs when an analog signal gets converted into a digital format… It is similar to the human vision and how the eye coverts the received rays reflected from the object back to the object…

Now let us see what is a PIXEL… A pixel is the unit of measurement of resolution or clarity of a picture… Any picture taken in a digital cam or a mobile is made up finer cells called Pixels… The smaller and finer and more in number the pixels,the better is the quality of the picture… This is similar to the human body which is made of infinite number of minute cells… If our cells we larger in size and fewer in number we would resemble an amoeba…

Each Pixel is represented by a quantity F(x,y)… where F is the amplitude of the pixel(in other words the size or length of the pixel or a measure of how big it is) and the x,y represents the spatial co-ordinates(in other words all pictures are 2 dimension and they are represented graphically as x and y)

As told before… any image has to be converted to digital from analog in order to process it… therefore, in order to convert to digital we perform the basic SAMPLING AND QUANTISATION….Both the components F-amplitude and x,y-spatial co ordinates have to be digitized… therefore…Digitization of co ordinates is referred as Image Sampling and Digitization of Amplitude is called Image Quantisation…

Sampling is the process of dividing a complete analog signal into smaller signals
Quantisation is the actual process of Analog to Digital Conversion

A Black and white Picture has varying levels of Black,grey and white which is measured by the GREY LEVEL… which assignes a scale from 0 to 255 :
0 – BLACK
255-WHITE

The couple had been doing fine…Happy and blossoming till one day destiny started playing traunt…

The whole world stood in front of him accusing her and the vice versa… But their love was so deep and unaltered that he refused to give up on her…. And he started fighting back and protecting her… There were tears,apologies,embarrasements…yet they rode to the destiny’s end point…

The reason for this was the fact that his heart was made of stone… A stone carved with her face and love… That it became impossible for anyone to destroy their love…even fate!!!

I was flabbergasted to know how people look up to love… To a petty piece of shit!!

Love essentially here doesn’t refer to doing the “goo goo gaa gaa” activities or having a gala time with hot chicks… I mean the one that blooms up with parents,brothers,sisters,friends,husband,wife… in other words its a harmonious something… The greatness that we succumb to whenever someone says… ” I love you and I care for you” or the way we feel when we say this to our mom…

But its really hurting to see people lamenting about love where there are a million things to praise about it… Love or being committed now has become… to go out,hold hands,smooch and get laid… And the next morning,say bye-bye and carry on with the next… This is the new meaning for love in any dictionary of the today’s modern world….

Each person has a heart and its such a sensitive thing… We can make it bleed,cry,long for,hate,curse,struggle and also die… But we can also make it love… I hope everyone realises what I am trying to press onto… Please respect the others and also care for them… Its high time we stop with the mistakes we do in the name of love… Love is a strong feeling that could even make the other person give up their lives for you… You can instead to miracles with love… Its very divine….